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amazonie
Fritz W. Up de Graff: Les Antipas (Jivaros) du Haut-Amazone
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Fritz W. Up de Graff (1873-1927)
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Consulter aussi:
Jehan Albert Vellard: Le curare
Pierre Clastres: La société contre l'État
"C'est à nous d'arrêter la déforestation" : la Bolivie a perdu des millions d'hectares de forêt depuis 1985
"C'est à nous d'arrêter la déforestation" : la Bolivie a perdu des millions d'hectares de forêt depuis 1985
L'analyse de milliers d'images satellites des 37 dernières années a révélé des pertes importantes de forêts tropicales et de glaciers dans le pays, qui ont un impact sur le climat actuel. L'ingénieur forestier Marlene Quintanilla a expliqué à Sputnik comment cette détérioration de l'environnement s'est produite et a évalué les conséquences pour la population.
Les recherches de la Fondation des Amis de la Nature (FAN), menées avec le soutien du Réseau amazonien d'information socio-environnementale (RAISG), ont montré que la Bolivie est passée de 63 millions d'hectares couverts d'arbres en 1985 à 55 millions d'hectares en 2022. Dans le même temps, 56 % des glaciers du pays se sont évaporés.
Avec l'étude Regarder le passé pour tracer l'avenir des forêts boliviennes la fondation vise à "découvrir quels sont les changements, où les zones les plus sensibles subissent ces changements, car notre objectif est la conservation de la biodiversité", a déclaré à Sputnik Marlene Quintanilla, directrice de la recherche et de la gestion des connaissances à la FAN.
Marlene Quintanilla a souligné que l'étude vise à détecter les causes de la disparition des forêts et des glaciers andins. Cela permettra de prendre des mesures plus efficaces pour la protection de l'environnement.
"C'est une étape importante de disposer de données qui nous permettent de visualiser une histoire de plus de 37 ans. Nous pouvons ainsi mieux comprendre ce qui s'est passé chaque année", a-t-il déclaré. Il est ainsi possible d'élucider l'effet immédiat des politiques publiques des dernières décennies sur le secteur agricole.
Le chercheur a expliqué qu'entre 1996 et 2000, la déforestation a atteint un pic de 190 000 hectares par an. Un nouveau bond s'est produit en 2015, lorsque pour la première fois 200 000 hectares ont été déboisés par an. À ce moment-là, "la Bolivie est devenue plus ouverte à l'expansion des zones agricoles par le biais de politiques publiques", a-t-il déclaré.
Entre 2016 et 2020, "la déforestation a dépassé les 200 000 hectares. Nous avons atteint 270 000 hectares, ce qui est très important", ce qui équivaut à la perte de 35 terrains de football par heure, a déclaré M. Quintanilla.
Le problème s'est aggravé ces dernières années. "En 2021 et 2022, la déforestation a augmenté pour atteindre plus de 370 000 hectares par an. L'année dernière, nous avons dépassé les 400 000 hectares de forêt déboisée", a-t-il déclaré.
Santa Cruz déboisée
Soixante-quinze pour cent des huit millions d'hectares déboisés se trouvent dans le département de Santa Cruz (est). "Là où ils déboisent, les sols n'ont pas la productivité idéale. Ce sont des sols pauvres", ce qui explique que les nouvelles terres ne produisent que pendant cinq ans au maximum, a expliqué M. Quintanilla.
Pour le représentant de la FAN, il est essentiel que la population prenne conscience de l'origine des produits qu'elle consomme : "Par exemple, il n'y a pas de différence de prix entre le bois géré légalement et le bois d'origine illégale. En tant que population, nous sommes responsables, car nous ne faisons pas la différence entre l'origine des produits.
Quintanilla a indiqué que des familles de migrants de la région andine ont commencé à arriver dans les basses terres en 2010. Le directeur a expliqué que pour accéder au droit de propriété, ils doivent donner de la productivité sur 20 hectares, ce qui entraîne une augmentation de la déforestation.
Le lancement de projets miniers dans les zones forestières de Santa Cruz contribue également à la détérioration de l'environnement.
Elle a également noté l'arrivée constante d'investisseurs des pays voisins, qui disposent des ressources nécessaires pour rendre les sols improductifs productifs.
Derniers glaciers
L'analyse des photos satellites des dernières décennies a permis d'identifier le recul des glaciers andins dans les départements de La Paz, Oruro et Potosí.
La fonte des montagnes enneigées fait partie d'un phénomène global qui affecte les glaciers tropicaux, y compris ceux d'Asie. Elle est principalement due à l'augmentation de la température moyenne de la planète, qui n'a cessé de croître au cours des dernières décennies.
Pour Quintanilla, il existe un effet remarquable en Bolivie, qui lie la fonte des glaciers à la déforestation dans l'est du pays. Cela fait partie du cycle de l'eau.
"Les forêts sont donc des régulateurs de température. Elles fournissent de l'humidité par l'intermédiaire des "rivières volantes", comme on appelle l'humidité qui voyage et se heurte aux Andes pour générer le cycle de l'eau et approvisionner les principales villes andines", a déclaré M. Quintanilla.
"Lorsque vous supprimez une forêt, vous supprimez toute cette humidité qui doit voyager dans l'atmosphère jusqu'à ce qu'elle atteigne les bassins versants et les réservoirs aquifères", ce qui a des répercussions sur la pénurie d'eau dans les départements andins.
Ainsi, "la déforestation, non seulement en Bolivie, mais aussi au Brésil, a un impact direct sur les hauts plateaux".
Quintanilla note que l'évaporation des glaciers n'a pas de solution en vue. "Il est difficile de récupérer la forêt, car lorsque nous parlons de forêt, nous pouvons la restaurer et ne pas toucher à certaines zones.
Mais dans le cas des glaciers, "il y a des processus plus longs, des centaines de milliers d'années, pour que les couches de glace se forment sur les montagnes. Il est donc presque impossible de régénérer les glaciers.
Par conséquent, "c'est à nous d'arrêter la déforestation ou de la limiter", a-t-il averti.
Traduit de l'espagnol par Rouge et Blanc avec DeepL.
NDLR: Le lien entre la déforestation de l'Amazonie et le recul des glaciers andins est intéressant, en effet, l'évaporation produite pas la forêt se transforme en nuages qui sont conduits par les vents, d'est en ouest vers la Cordillère des Andes où ils se précipitent en pluie et en neige. C'est un phénomène que tous ceux qui voyagent dans la Cordillère orientale des Andes peuvent observer, et qui n'a rien à voir avec l'idéologie du "réchauffement-changement climatique anthropique". Par ailleurs, la politique menée en Bolivie par Evo Morales et ses suivants n'a manifesté aucun intérêt pour la science ni pour la conservation de la nature. Nous avons notamment publié sur ce blog le témoignage de Stephan Beck, ancien directeur de l'Herbier national de Bolivie à La Paz ainsi que les analyses de James Petras. Bien entendu, comme chacun sait, les organismes scientifiques (l'IRD par exemple) et les chercheurs qui travaillent en fonction de l'idéologie du Climat sont rémunérés, subventionnés et récompensés, tandis que les opposants ("complotistes") sont exclus, vilipendés et censurés. En Amérique latine comme ailleurs, la Gauche est de toutes les idéologies mondialistes (ce qui ne veut pas dire que la Droite soit vertueuse, loin de là, car elle ne manifeste aucun intérêt en général pour la conservation de la nature et la justice sociale).
Au sujet des glaciers, il est certainement difficile d'évaluer la part qui est due à la déforestation et celle de changements climatiques à grande échelle dus à des variations de l'activité solaire, car les habitants des Andes ont tous été témoins d'avancées et de reculs des glaciers dans leur vie.
Également:
https://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1968
"There is no doubt that Evo Morales is an exceptional leader, his multi-faceted politics reflect his genius as a political manipulator. He is not a social revolutionary or even a consequential social reformer. His regime is certainly not a government of workers and the poor. But Evo Morales is Bolivia’s most successful democratic capitalist ruler and he is still expanding his electoral base. The question is how long the “other 50%” will swallow his political chicanery?"
Pour mémoire, du côté du Pérou, avec l'ex-Président Alan Garcia:
Peru: Blood Flows In The Amazon
By James Petras
17 June, 2009
La trouble anthropologie de Jacques Lizot chez les Yanomami
L'anthropologie officielle est presque toujours le moyen de faire une carrière rémunératrice et d'acquérir une réputation flatteuse dans sa patrie et dans le monde, loin de son mystérieux terrain de recherche. Cela peut être aussi une couverture pratique pour servir certains intérêts de son pays, faire de l'espionnage dans des contrées et des peuples lointains, servir d'intermédiaire entre les indigènes et les étrangers qui ont des intérêts dans leurs territoires: hydrocarbures, or ou cocaïne comme en Amazonie par exemple, faire de l'expérimentation médicale, etc. Mais certains "anthropologues" ou "ethnologues" sont aussi parfois des individus pervers qui ont trouvé des lieux exotiques pour assouvir discrètement et en toute impunité leurs déviances. Cela semble être le cas du Français Jacques Lizot, un ancien élève de Claude Levi-Strauss, connu pour avoir séjourné 25 ans parmi les Yanomami d'Amazonie.
http://www.lemondecommeilva.com/spip.php?article607
Je ne sais pas ce qu'en pense Alain Rastoin, qui tutoyait familièrement Lizot, qu'il avait visité en Amazonie, au cours d'une rencontre filmée au 3e Festival Etonnants voyageurs à Saint-Malo en 1992.
Outre les manières un peu inquiétantes de Lizot, on remarquera sa réponse surprenante et peu convaincante à la question du présentateur lorsque celui-ci demande pourquoi il est revenu vivre en France après 25 ans passés chez les Yanomami alors qu'il se plaisait tant parmi eux. Les Yanomami avaient sûrement la réponse.
J'avais entendu parler de Lizot, mais je ne l'ai jamais lu (contrairement à Pierre Clastres) et je n'étais pas au courant de cette histoire; c'est en visionnant cette vidéo que j'ai remarqué le commentaire de Martin Riedler y faisant allusion et que j'ai découvert le documentaire "Storyville Secrets of the Tribe" ci-dessous, qu'il mettait en lien.
Une des personnes interviewées dit que Jacques Lizot est celui qui a introduit la prostitution chez les Yanomami.
P.O.C.
Un des plus grands barrages au monde en projet dans l'Amazonie péruvienne (David Hill//Mongabay/The Guardian))
Pour une vision générale du projet, dans laquelle est impliquée aussi la compagnie RUSSE NORGOLD:
Peru eyes the Amazon for one of world’s most powerful dams
David Hill
May 18, 2015
OTHER REPORTING BY DAVID HILL
Brazilian firm's mega-dam plans in Peru spark major social conflict
http://news.mongabay.com/2015/0511-sri-hill-maranon-river-dam.html
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/andes-to-the-amazon
Peru is proposing a huge hydroelectric dam in the Amazon that, if built, will be one of the most powerful on Earth, do significant harm to the environment, and flood the homes of thousands of people.
The proposed mega-dam would be constructed at the Pongo de Manseriche, a spectacular gorge on the free flowing Marañón River, the main source of the Amazon River.
The dam’s reservoir would flood as much as 5,470 square kilometers (2,111 square miles)
and drown the town of Santa Maria de Nieva in the Amazonas department of northern Peru, along with some of neighboring Ecuador, according to an estimate made in a 2014 report by the U.S.-based NGO International Rivers (IR). That estimate was made with admittedly "very low confidence" because of a lack of current available information from Peru’s government.
Santa Maria de Nieva, a small town at the confluence of the Nieva and Marañón rivers that would be flooded by a dam at the Pongo de Manseriche, according to estimates by International Rivers. Photo credit: David Hill
Building momentum for the Manseriche dam
Proposals to build a dam at Manseriche have knocked about since at least the 1970s, but current interest is strong, with Peru’s energy sector and president Ollanta Humala touting it as an important upcoming project.
In 2007, Manseriche was slated by the Energy Ministry (MEM) as one of 15 proposed dams that could export electricity to Brazil. Then in 2011, a law declared a Manseriche dam to be in Peru’s "national interest," along with 19 other proposed dams on the Marañón’s main trunk.
Two years later in September 2013, president Humala cited Manseriche as a means of supplying energy to gold and copper mining companies. Speaking at a mining industry conference in Arequipa in southern Peru, Humala declared that: "In order to operate they [the companies] need energy, and for that the construction of at least five hydroelectric power stations generating more than 10,000 megawatts is envisioned." A map depicting Manseriche and four other proposed dams was included in his presentation.
The Pongo de Rentema, the site of one of three proposed dams that would drown Awajun ancestral territory. Photo credit: David Hill
In December 2014, the Manseriche dam was presented as a potential project during the United Nations climate change summit held in Lima, according to Evaristo Nugkuag Ikanan, from the indigenous Awajun people, who would be most impacted by the dam.
"They present these proposals in order to obtain funds for these kinds of projects," explained Nugkuag Ikanan, who works for the Condorcanqui municipality in Nieva.
One local Amazonas government official told Mongabay.com that plans for the Manseriche dam may have progressed even further. He claimed that William Collazos, a MEM representative, made a presentation at a recent internal meeting, revealing that a company has been granted a concession for the dam, which would permit initial work to begin. Neither Collazos nor MEM responded to requests for confirmation.
Might the IDB fund it?
In 2014, scientists from the U.S.-based Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), financed by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), conducted research immediately up- and downriver from the Pongo de Manseriche, according to the IDB itself, WCS Peru director Mariana Montoya, and Awajuns living in the region.
 The proposed Manseriche dam would flood a 5,470 square kilometer (2,111 square mile) area, including the town of Santa Maria de Nieva and part of neighboring Ecuador, according to an International Rivers estimate. Map credit: International Rivers |
The WCS research is part of a $750,000 IDB "technical cooperation" (TC) project aiming to assess and model the "value of ecosystem services (e.g. spawning habitats and nurseries critical for fish biodiversity and local fisheries), and their likely changes under different hydropower development scenarios" on the Marañón River, the IDB wrote in an emailed statement to Mongabay.com.
The TC project is ultimately "expected to leverage funds for future Bank operations… as well as generate opportunities for future green investments in sustainable hydropower, fisheries and natural or green infrastructure," according to the IDB. As a map sent to Mongabay.com makes clear, the Pongo de Manseriche is one of the main geographical focuses of this research.
However, the IDB informed Mongabay.com that "at present, [it] is not considering any proposed financings of hydroelectric projects in the Marañon River basin, including Pongo de Manseriche." WCS Peru director Mariana Montoya emailed that: "our work is not connected to any proposal to build the dam."
Serious impacts, serious opposition
If Manseriche is built, thousands of indigenous Awajun and Wampis men, women and children would lose their homes and see their land and crops, upon which they depend for survival, flooded.
The Awajuns and Wampis live primarily along the Santiago, Cenepa, Marañon, Nieva, Potro, Apaga and Morona rivers. Nearly the entire Santiago valley, and much of the Nieva and Cenepa valleys, would be flooded by the dam’s reservoir, according to IR’s 2014 report.
Almost every Awajun and Wampis interviewed by Mongabay.com was opposed to, or seriously concerned about, the proposed Manseriche dam. It would, they said, have devastating impacts on migratory fish stocks, flood their homes and crops, and force them from lands to which they have strong cultural and spiritual attachment.
Very large tracts of agriculturally productive land, like these ricefields just upriver from the Pongo de Rentema, would be drowned by Peru's mega-dams on the Marañón River. Photo credit: David Hill
"For us the Pongo de Manseriche is very important for fishing," said Zebelio Kayap Jempekit, president of the Cenepa Frontier Communities Organization (ODECOFROC) representing Awajun communities along the Cenepa River. "Many fish arrive there from Iquitos [a city downriver]. They spend a lot of time there."
Wrays Perez Ramirez, a Wampis man and president of the Permanent Commission of the Awajun and Wampis Peoples (CPPAW), told Mongabay.com that forcing indigenous peoples to leave their homes and land is "genocide" and "ethnocide."
"If they build the dam, the fish are no longer going to migrate upriver," he said. "We live from these resources, from these forests… [and] they’re going to destroy [it all]."
Violent conflict?
Some Awajuns feel the proposed dam could lead to violent conflict and a second "Baguazo," the name given to the initially peaceful protest by thousands of Awajuns and Wampis near the town of Bagua in 2009. Events turned violent there after security forces opened fire on the protesters, leading to more than 200 people being injured and over 30 killed, including more than 20 policemen.
"If they try to dam Manseriche and send in the army, we would be prepared to give our lives in defense of our forest," Edgardo Aushuqui Taqui told Mongabay.com. He is the former vice-president of the Aguaruna Domingush Federation (FAD), which represents Awajun communities immediately upriver from the Pongo, which would be flooded.
Crosses marking the deceased after peaceful protests turned violent near Bagua, Peru in 2009. Some Awajuns say there could be conflict if plans to dam and flood their territories move forward. Photo credit: David Hill
"This will be a second Bagua for us," Aushuqui Taqui said. "I’ve never heard anyone say the dam would be a good thing. Wherever I go, [people] always say the same thing: if [the government and companies] try and go ahead with the dam, they won’t allow it. There is no community you could go to where anyone will say they want the dam. Not one Awajun is going to say we want it."
Cesar Sanchium Kuja, secretary for the Chipe Kusu community on the Cenepa River, said the proposed dam could lead to "very serious" armed conflict.
"We’re never going to allow this dam to be built," he told Mongabay.com. "We’re not going to accept it. This is the only land we have. We don’t have more land. Where would we live? If the government wants to build a dam, it should do it in Lima, with the Rimac [River]. We’re going to annul [this proposal]."
"We can’t let this happen"
Many Awajuns and Wampis interviewed feel similarly to Sanchium Kuja and said they will not permit the Manseriche dam to be built.
"We can’t let this happen," said Roberto Kugkumas Bakuach, FAD’s president. "We won’t allow anyone to do this, not the state nor any company."
"If they build the dam, it’ll flood everything," said Raquel Yampis Petsayit, president of the Indigenous Awajun Women’s Association. "We’ll all die. Our leaders have rejected it."
The town of Bagua, together with neighboring Bagua Grande, would be flooded by the proposed dam at the Pongo de Rentema, according to estimates by International Rivers. Photo credit: David Hill
In previous years, some Awajuns have come together to issue statements denouncing the mega-dam, according to Madolfo Perez Chumpi, president of the Organization for the Economic Development of Awajun Communities on the Marañón (ODECAM), which represents communities between the Pongo de Manseriche and Nieva, which would be inundated.
"We live along the banks of the river," said Perez Chumpi. "Where are we going to plant our manioc? Our plantains? Our maize? Where will we find the fish that swim upriver? This is scary for us, for our children. For the government and the companies, this is development, but it’s not [development] for us. We don’t accept the plan to build a dam at the Pongo de Manseriche."
No consultation, little information
A common complaint of the Awajuns and Wampis interviewed for this article involves the government’s failure to consult with them about the proposed dam, as required by Peruvian and international law. They also resent the lack of available information. Although the 2011 law declaring the Manseriche dam to be in Peru’s "national interest" also states that MEM "will co-ordinate with native communities," local people say that no official has ever visited Awajun or Wampis territory to discuss it.
"There has never been a meeting with the apus [leaders]," said Octavio Shacaime, from the Northern Peruvian Amazon’s Regional Organization for Indigenous Peoples (ORPIAN-P), based in Bagua.
Despite these government failures, there are a few details -- often conflicting – that are available. The 2011 law states that the Manseriche dam would be capable of generating 4,500 megawatt (MW), making it over 5 times more powerful than Peru’s largest existing dam. However, MEM’s 2007 report on exports to Brazil, a 2012 MEM presentation, and the 2013 map shown by president Humala to the mining conference all assert that the dam would generate up to 7,550 MW. That would make Manseriche one of the top 10 most powerful dams in the world, according to Gregory Tracz, from the International Hydropower Association, along with Peter Bosshard, IR’s interim executive director.
The possible precise location of the dam and an extremely vague indication of the area that would be flooded have also been made public. One alternative suggested in MEM’s 2007 report states that the reservoir would not "extend into Ecuadorian territory. A 1976 study puts the height of the dam itself at 126 meters (413 feet).
Map for a project funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) researching the potential impacts of dams on the Marañón River. The Pongo de Manseriche is one of the main focus areas. Map credit: IDB
Some Awajuns and Wampis appear to have a rough idea of the area to be flooded -- knowledge gleaned from IR’s report and other sources. "The priest [now deceased] said that if they dam the Marañón -- especially at the Pongo de Manseriche -- it will flood the entire population along the Santiago, and [the town of] Nieva would disappear," said Amanda Longinote Diaz, president of the Virgin of Fatima Indigenous Women Entrepreneurs Association.
Where the Awajuns and Wampis would be expected to move if the dam is built, or how they would be compensated, is another unknown. No one interviewed said they had any communication from the government regarding this issue.
"Where are we going to live? Where would we go?" asked Longinote Diaz. "Bagua is not a reality for us. Jaen [another nearby town] is not a reality for us. We live from the river, from the forest."
MEM did not respond to questions for this article.
How serious is the threat?
Some people are skeptical as to whether the Manseriche dam can ever be built because it would be so controversial and the social and environmental impacts so devastating.
IR acknowledges in its 2014 report that at 4,500 MW, "the immensity of this project, as currently planned, makes it nonviable." The impacts of a 7,550 MW dam would be even greater.
"I don’t think they’ll ever do it," Peruvian engineer Jose Serra Vega told Mongabay.com. "It’s an old idea. It’s an idea they’ve had forever."
More than just Manseriche
The dam at Manseriche is not the only one that would drown parts of Awajun and Wampis territory. One of the other 19 proposed dams declared in the "national interest" by the 2011 law is planned for the Pongo de Escurrebraga (1,800 MW), upriver from Manseriche. IR’s 2014 report estimated, again with "very low confidence," that this dam would flood 875 square kilometers (337 square miles).
Still another dam declared to be in the "national interest" by the 2011 law is slated for the Pongo de Rentema (1,525 MW), upriver from Escurrebraga.
The spectacular entrance to the Pongo de Rentema, the site of one of more than 20 dams proposed for the main trunk of the Marañón River. Photo credit: David Hill
Rentema and Manseriche are two of the five dams president Humala cited at the 2013 mining conference as providing energy to gold and copper mining companies. According to IR’s 2014 estimate -- also made with "very low confidence" -- Rentema would flood 874 square kilometers (337 square miles) and submerge the towns of Bagua and Bagua Grande.
"Our position is ‘no’ to the three dams downriver from Rentema," said ORPIAN-P’s Octavio Shacaime, who calls the Pongo de Manseriche the Awajun’s "spiritual centre" and compares it to Mecca, The Vatican, St. Peters and Rome. "Every culture has its sacred space. We’ll never allow this to happen. We’ll never consent to this idea."
| This article was produced under Mongabay.org's Special Reporting Initiatives (SRI) program and can be re-published on your web site or in your magazine, newsletter, or newspaper under these terms. |
